The central function of the brain is to regulate energy balance. Obesity represents a highly controllable phenomenon that has a tremendous impact on the quality of life of all human beings. In order to gain access to this controlled energy status, the appetite may change from hunger to fullness. Obesity may also arise as an extension of an insulin-resistant state. The central hormone in obesity is adiponectin derived from human adipose tissue. Adiponectin plays a role in several metabolic pathways as it is a crucial receptor for glucose-induced insulin resistance, insulin-mediated glucose disposal, glucose uptake and insulin action at the cellular level. Moreover, adiponectin has a key role in the regulation of energy balance. Adiponectin is produced in the liver and is secreted in the adipose tissue of rats. We have studied for the first time how this hormone acts on insulin resistance. We examined the effects of adiponectin administration in the fed and fasted state on the glucose and fat metabolism in the adipose tissue and identified mechanisms that may explain the effect of adiponectin on these systems. The present study shows that a continuous administration of adiponectin for 3 weeks increases glucose uptake into adipocytes, increases glycolysis metabolism and increases fat oxidation in fasting and fed conditions. The combination of these two pathways results in a decrease of the intra-abdominal fat in normal but not obese individuals. Moreover, we show that a continuous treatment of adiponectin with a glucose challenge results in an increase in systemic insulin resistance. This insulin resistance appears to be a direct effect of adipunocaloric adiponectin and cannot be explained by a direct insulin-mediated effect or other adenosines. Adiponectin is a very important factor which may explain the obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and disturbances resulting from obesity. This molecule and its physiological actions are highly relevant and interesting, not only at the molecular level but also as a therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders. J Clan Endocrine Metal. 2000 Jul;85(7):4028-37. Pub 2000 Jan 3. Effects of insulin resistance on glucose uptake by human white adipose tissue. Compile A, Papilio A, Toni G, Pelegrín M, Tint C, Bond S, Fest AC, Liana A, Gualerzi A, Ferrari G.
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Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2003, 9, 1383-1395 1383 Ghrelin as a Potential Anti-Obesity Target FAMAS L. Horvath1,2, Tamara Cast?eda3, Mads Tang-Christensen4, Umberto Pagotto5 and Matthias H. Tech?p3,
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