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INTRODUCTION This course is basically about silicon chip fabrication, the technologies used to manufacture ICS. 1 IC Fabrication Technology: Brief History ? ? 1940s setting the stag — the initial

The transistor is a semiconductor with a “metal” structure. It acts as an active circuit element of sorts, so switching between an On and Off state requires no current to flow in it. Transistors have many useful properties, but their most useful characteristic remains their ability to amplify discrete levels of electrical energy. Transistors require very large amounts of power because they are extremely sensitive to external sources of energy, so to be practical they need to be able to turn on and off quickly. If the power draw of the computer was too high, a processor would not be able to run at all. Transistors themselves are very expensive, making it difficult for a company to mass produce them, even for a few hundred dollars. So for the past 50 years we have relied solely on a few companies to manufacture their devices for us. Today, there are thousands of companies involved in the semiconductor industry, all trying to be the one to become the major manufacturer of integrated circuits. 2 Basic Fabrication Processes ? 2.1 Components Overview, Components Manufacturing ? Components are the basic parts of ICS. There are five basic components of ICS that are used throughout the world today, and each one of them has its own set of advantages. Most ICS chips are made of one of four types of metal-oxide semiconductors (MOS) : Side, Ge, Gain, and Gains. Each component has characteristics that determine its performance and, in time, its price. The first parts of this course are the three types of silicon that make up modern logic circuits. Side is the least expensive because it's the easiest to work with and produces the most stable circuits. We will learn more about Side in the next lesson, but first, let's take a brief look at all three metal-on-silicon (MOS) transistors : CMOS, CISC, and FET. These are the basic building blocks of modern ICS. CMOS is made of two elements on each side of a single silicon wafer. This two-chip circuit is called a two-terminal CMOS, which means it's made of two transistors on each chip (or transistor “terminal”). Transistors used in the next two types of ICS are called CISC (continuous-coupling, insulating-coupling) and FET.

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