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Neuron, Vol. 24, 427 432, October 1999, Copyright 1999 by Cell Press Form and Content: Dissociating Syntax and Semantics in Sentence Comprehension Mirella Pretty* and Susan Y. Bookmaker Ahmanson-Lovelace

One way to try to resolve the issue is to compare data from different experiments in order to gain insight into the neural systems and networks that control sentence comprehension. In this article, we examine data from a series of experiments with a large sample of healthy volunteers in which they were given various sentences in different languages to compare syntactic and semantic representation. The findings show that syntactic structure is strongly represented in the ventral prefrontal cortex and that semantic processing is concentrated in ventral temporal cortex. We also show that both syntactic and semantic processing are important in the planning of language comprehension and that the latter is influenced directly by activity in both verbal cortex and somatosensory system. The implications for the role of language in cognition are discussed. Keywords: Syntax, Semantics, Comprehension, Brain, Planning, Processing, Neurobiology, Brain imaging A discussion of syntactic processing In the modern era, the distinction between syntax and semantics is fundamental to the modern understanding of language, and it is an issue of continuing, though disputed, controversy (Paragon and Grossed, 2005; Gilbert and Masada, 1999; Grossed, 1999; Lieberman and Gross berg, 1997; Tanzania, 1977; Schatz, 1995; Wernicke-Rensink, 1997). Semantic processing, which is a set of mental skills, consists in the perception and categorization of lexical items as having meaning to humans. In contrast, the structure of grammatical structures of language involve complex rules which are applied to a list of nouns and verbs. The basic notion of syntax, the capacity to transform the structure of sentence structure into a set of word form rules, is essential in understanding the nature of language. Sentences are not always composed of similar and closely related entities; they may have syntactic structures different from each other. For example, there are sentences such as 'The two children ate a piece of cake and two apples. The two children ate a piece of cake and two apples and are both exhausted'. Although sentences with the same syntactic structure may appear to have similar meaning, in reality they may have different meanings, depending on context. This is very useful for understanding language, but there are some languages that do not follow this pattern: For example, in German there is no sentence 'The two dogs are in the house, and they are barking'.

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