An integrated strategy that includes mitigation measures, including environmental and economic evaluation, pre-treatment of rock, and monitoring of ore development on the surface, is required to ensure that ore and associated wastes are safely and effectively managed over the long term. In addition, there is an increased risk that rock is altered over time due to weathering and metamorphism, leaving open areas of surface that remain unstable or vulnerable to groundwater contamination. Our study aimed to address the environmental and economic hazards caused by the ongoing Öresund mining project, which is situated in a large and high-risk area of Swedish countryside with strong mineralized bedrock (Tidings, 2010). The project is one of the world's largest, currently covering an area of 17,500 km2 and having a production capacity of 8.0 million tonnes per year. It is also one of the world's largest ores mines, requiring huge amounts of water, heavy mineral fuels and energy. As part of the project, large amounts of water are required to keep the mining activity going. The water used by the project is considered to be in the range of 6 to 12% of the global per capita per year, due to the mining itself, but a minimum of 100 million m3 per year is required to keep the ore being mined at the surface dry. In the context of the current situation in Sweden, particularly in areas such as the Öresund region, this number is a substantial increase and would make these mines the second most polluted in the world. It is known that the amount of the water required for an Öresund mine can be increased significantly, depending on the mining activity and the size of the mine. Since Öresund was first created in the 1950s with the exploitation of ores and minerals found in the nearby mountains of Often Islands, a significant increase in the amount of water required has been observed during the development of mining activities. Ores and minerals are found at such great depth and in such great quantity on the mountain ranges that any water that is not required for the ore mining activity can only be replaced by the water that has to come with the mine waste and transported away. The amount of water used in the mining process itself is particularly significant in Sweden. Most ore is produced in large pits that are fed with water from the nearby river German. It is known that in all the previous mining operations, at least 90% of the flow in rivers or riverside bays has been used for mining ore.
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MSc-PhD SHORT COURSE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY OF ORE DEPOSITS AND MINING ACTIVITIES, May 30 June 5, 2012, Ore deposits, especially when mined and processed, are a potential environmental hazard.
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Geoenvironmental models of mineral are models used to evaluate the environmental impact of mineral extraction and processing operations.
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Geoenvironmental models of mineral typically require information about the site location, geology, hydrogeology, air quality, biodiversity, waste management, and rehabilitation plans.
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