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Hello and welcome to reviewing with Mrs wages this video is meant to review objective number one of Edina unit this objective asks you to explain a structure of a DNA molecule let's get started by looking at the structural component of DNA the nucleotides what are nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate a sugar and one nitrogen base every DNA nucleotide has the same phosphate and sugar the phosphate is shown here in orange while deoxyribose the sugar is shown in blue however the nitrogen base can be one of four different bases such as adenine guanine cytosine earth I mean it's the nitrogen base that identifies the nucleotide the nucleotides string together to form the two sides of the DNA and connect across the molecule as well a word frequently used when discussing DNA is complementary so what does complementary mean complementary means two different nitrogen bases properly connect with hydrogen bonds remember a base pair is composed of two nucleotides and this picture shows two base pairs in DNA the top base pair connects cytosine and guanine using only three hydrogen bonds the bottom base pair connects timing to a Dineen using two hydrogen bonds, so you can see that the bases that are complementary are different in that one is a purine and the other one is a pyrimidine so what parts of DNA are complementary the nitrogen bases in DNA are complementary when they connect to form base pairs between two nucleotides cytosine is complementary to guanine and thymine is complementary to a Dineen so what's the difference between the bases adenine guanine thymine and cytosine well two of them are purines and the others are pyrimidines and what you might ask our purines and pyrimidines purines and pyrimidines are nitrogen bases found in DNA they're classified based upon their shape pyrimidines are nitrogen bases with a one ring shape kind of like a pie purines are natural basis the two ring shape so what are some examples of nitrogen bases and in 18 have a two-ring shape and thus are classified as purines cytosine and thymine have a one wing shape and are thus classified as pyrimidines so putting all this information together how would you describe the structure of DNA is a two-sided molecule like a ladder that twists to form a double helix each side is made of a chain of nucleotides linked together by covalent bonds the sides connect with weak hydrogen bonds linking complementary bases to form the base pairs or the rungs of the ladder that's all for now as always happy studying you
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