Get the free alpha(1E) subunits form the pore of three cerebellar R-type ...

The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1, 2000, 20(1):171178a1E Subunits Form the Pore of Three Cerebellar RType Calcium Channels with Different Pharmacological and Permeation Properties Angelita Tottene,1 Stephen Volsen,2 and Daniela Pietrobon1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy, and 2Lilly Research Center, Eli Lilly Company Limited, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom 1Rtype Ca 21 channels cooperate with P/Q and Ntype channels to control...

How to fill out alpha1e subunits form form

How to fill out alpha1e subunits form form

1. Begin by gathering all required documents and information needed to fill out the alpha1e subunits form.
2. Start with your personal information, including your name, address, and contact details.
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Who needs alpha1e subunits form form?

1. Researchers working on projects involving alpha1e subunits in various fields like genetics or pharmacology.
2. Laboratories requiring alpha1e subunits for experiments or studies.
3. Institutions seeking to procure alpha1e subunits for academic or clinical purposes.

Understanding alpha1e Subunits: A Comprehensive Guide

Properties of alpha1e subunits

Alpha1e subunits are integral components of voltage-gated calcium channels, specifically classified within the larger family of calcium channel subunits. These subunits play a pivotal role in the regulation of calcium influx in various tissues, which is essential for processes such as muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. They are encoded by the CACNA1E gene, highlighting their specific genetic basis.

Key characteristics of alpha1e subunits include their unique transmembrane structure, consisting of multiple alpha-helices that facilitate the opening and closing of the ion channel in response to membrane potential changes. These subunits are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and signaling, making them a key player in a plethora of biological systems.

• Form channels for calcium ions, critical for various cellular functions.
• Possess distinct structural properties that vary between isoforms.
• Involved in neurotransmission and muscle contractions.

Description of alpha1e subunits

Alpha1e subunits facilitate a multitude of cellular processes, primarily functioning as a gateway for calcium ions to enter the cell. This influx triggers various downstream signaling pathways, including those involved in neurotransmitter release in neurons and muscle contractions in cardiomyocytes. The structural design of alpha1e subunits allows them to respond sensitively to voltage changes, which is essential for rapid physiological responses.

Structurally, alpha1e subunits consist of four homologous domains that encode a series of transmembrane segments. This arrangement not only contributes to the formation of a functional ion channel but also enables specific interactions with auxiliary proteins that modulate channel activity. As a result, they are central components of ion channels, including L-type voltage-gated calcium channels that are critical for both normal physiological functions and pathological conditions.

Biological source

Alpha1e subunits are not confined to a single organism but are found in various species, suggesting a significant evolutionary role in ion channel function. They have been identified in mammals, avians, and numerous other taxa, highlighting their essential nature in biological systems. The source of alpha1e subunits often dictates their functional properties and can vary in expression levels between tissues.

This biodiversity has significant implications in research as it allows scientists to explore evolutionary adaptations and various physiological responses across different species. Understanding these sources provides a broader context for how alpha1e subunits might behave in laboratory settings, influencing experimental designs and interpretations.

• Mammals: Well-studied and rich in alpha1e subunit expression.
• Birds: Unique adaptations in ion channel function.
• Reptiles and amphibians: Offer insights into evolutionary biology.

Technical specifications

The molecular weight of alpha1e subunits typically ranges from 200 to 250 kDa, depending on the specific isoform. These subunits share structural similarities with other protein subunits in the calcium channel family, yet they possess distinct features that differentiate them. For instance, while alpha1 and alpha2 share functional overlaps, alpha1e features unique voltage sensitivity and regulatory elements that influence channel kinetics and pharmacological sensitivity.

Moreover, there are various known isoforms of alpha1e, each with unique properties that cater to specific physiological needs, such as differing calcium permeability and response profiles to pharmacological agents. Understanding these variations is crucial for effective application in research and therapeutic contexts.

Applications in research

Alpha1e subunits offer valuable insight into pharmacological research due to their known role in various disorders, including cardiovascular diseases and neurological conditions. Their involvement in neurotransmission makes them a focal point in the study of synaptic plasticity and neurological disorders such as epilepsy and schizophrenia.

Furthermore, understanding alpha1e's role in calcium signaling pathways has significant therapeutic implications. By targeting these subunits, researchers can develop novel pharmacological agents that modulate calcium channel activity, potentially leading to innovative treatments for conditions driven by aberrant calcium signaling.

• Investigation into their role in neurotransmission.
• Research on pharmacological temporization to mitigate diseases.
• Study of alpha1e modulation in cardiovascular health.

Isolation and characterization techniques

Isolating alpha1e subunits encompasses several purification techniques, chiefly chromatography methods like affinity and size-exclusion chromatography, which are essential for obtaining high-purity samples necessary for functional studies. Following isolation, functional characterization is often conducted through electrophysiological techniques, including patch-clamp assays that assess channel activity in response to various stimuli.

The journey of alpha1e subunits from discovery to characterization has been pivotal. Initial identification involved early sequencing technologies, and advancements have led to high-throughput methods for assessing variant forms. Historical context provides insight into scientific progress and emphasizes how current methodologies have evolved to enhance our understanding of these subunits.

Safety information

When working with alpha1e subunits, appropriate handling precautions are essential to mitigate risks associated with biological components. It is important to utilize personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and lab coats to avoid direct contact.

Moreover, improper handling can lead to contamination, which could compromise experimental results. Recommended storage conditions typically involve keeping samples at -80°C or in liquid nitrogen for optimal stability and integrity over time.

Documentation resources

Robust documentation is essential for research involving alpha1e subunits. Researchers are encouraged to refer to peer-reviewed scientific publications to ensure accuracy and credibility. Moreover, maintaining comprehensive records of experimental designs, observations, and methodologies helps in replicating and validating results.

Annotated bibliographies can serve as a valuable resource for further reading on alpha1e subunits, encompassing a wide array of studies regarding their function, structure, and application. This foundational knowledge supports effective communication and knowledge transfer within scientific communities.

Storage and stability

To maintain the integrity of alpha1e subunits, it is recommended to store them at temperatures ranging from -80°C to -20°C, under liquid nitrogen when possible. This temperature range significantly prolongs shelf life and maintains functional properties essential for experimental use. In addition, periodic monitoring for signs of degradation, such as turbidity or precipitate formation, should be conducted.

Proper storage involves using appropriate containers that prevent contamination and protect against conditions that may lead to denaturation. The correct approach ensures that the alpha1e subunits remain usable for extensive periods.

Gene information

Alpha1e subunits are encoded by the CACNA1E gene, which is located on chromosome 2 in humans. This gene is intricately involved in calcium channel regulation and is implicated in various disorders linked to calcium homeostasis failures. Understanding the genetic encoding provides insight into the molecular basis of diseases and informs potential genetic therapies.

The associated gene pathways can illustrate how mutations in CACNA1E lead to alterations in calcium channel function, emphasizing the gene's importance in both research and therapeutic contexts. Genetic investigations into alpha1e subunits can unveil potential targets for gene editing and personalized medicine approaches.

Immunogen and antibody products

Several antibodies targeting alpha1e subunits are available for researchers, facilitating the study of their role in various physiological and pathological processes. These antibodies come in multiple forms, including monoclonal and polyclonal variants, often conjugated to various markers to enhance detection in immunological assays.

When selecting antibodies, researchers should consider specificity, isotype, and the intended application (e.g., western blot, immunofluorescence). Recommendations for suppliers include established laboratory partners that ensure quality and reliability.

• Monoclonal antibodies: High specificity for alpha1e.
• Polyclonal antibodies: Broader range of target epitopes.
• Conjugated antibodies: Enhanced detection capabilities.

Technical service and support

For researchers working with alpha1e subunits, technical support is crucial for optimizing experimental procedures and resolving product-related queries. Many suppliers provide detailed user manuals and responsive technical support teams to assist researchers at any stage.

Additionally, warranty and service agreements are important for ensuring continuous support, especially when dealing with equipment or reagents where precision is vital. Frequently asked questions (FAQs) can also help troubleshoot common issues encountered during research.

Flash point and safety classifications

Handling alpha1e subunits requires an understanding of safety ratings to prevent adverse incidents in the laboratory. Although alpha1e substances themselves may not have a defined flash point, laboratory practices require adhering to standard safety protocols, especially when using chemical reagents that may be flammable.

Physical properties relevant to safety assessments should always be reviewed in accordance with safety data sheets (SDS) provided by suppliers, ensuring compliance with laboratory safety regulations.

Further reading and external resources

For those interested in exploring alpha1e subunits further, a variety of external resources and research papers are available online. These materials offer insights into contemporary studies, technological advancements, and their implications across different fields.

Connecting with scientific debates surrounding alpha1e subunits can also enhance understanding of ongoing research initiatives. Engaging with online forums or academic platforms provides opportunities for discussions and collaboration.

Unique usage scenarios of alpha1e subunits

Innovative uses of alpha1e subunits are regularly emerging in various fields. For instance, recent case studies highlight their application in the development of drugs targeting neurological conditions where altered calcium signaling occurs. Singapore's research institutes have successfully demonstrated alpha1e modulation as a strategy for restoring balance in calcium-related disorders.

Testimonials from researchers reflect the versatility of alpha1e subunits, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets. A robust collaboration across disciplines is evident in the therapeutic exploration of these subunits within academia and industry.

Input into experimental design

Incorporating alpha1e subunits into experimental designs requires careful consideration. Researchers should outline clear control parameters to assess the physiological effects of modulation accurately. This involves the selection of cell models that express alpha1e, as well as determining their responses in comparison to non-modulated controls.

In addition, data interpretation should consider the role of calcium in cellular physiology. Researchers are advised to use statistical methods appropriate for their studies to ensure that findings regarding alpha1e function are valid and reproducible.

Mention of ongoing research and innovations

Cutting-edge research continues to evolve, centering on the functionality and pharmacology of alpha1e subunits. Emerging trends focus on using advanced imaging techniques to monitor real-time calcium dynamics in live cells, providing insights into the role of alpha1e in health and disease.

Furthermore, interdisciplinary projects are developing new therapeutic strategies that leverage alpha1e subunits, combining molecular biology with computational techniques to identify novel drug candidates and treatment protocols.

Collaboration opportunities

The exploration of alpha1e subunits presents numerous collaboration opportunities across disciplines. Researchers in pharmacology, neuroscience, and molecular biology can benefit from collective insights into the functionalities of these subunits, fostering advancements in therapeutic discoveries.

Networking suggestions include attending scientific workshops, seminars, and conferences that focus on ion channels and medical research. Such gatherings can facilitate the exchange of ideas and potentially lead to inclusive research initiatives.

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What is alpha1e subunits form form?

The alpha1e subunits form is a specific document used for regulatory submissions concerning alpha1e subunits in biological systems, detailing their structure, function, and applications.

Who is required to file alpha1e subunits form form?

Individuals or organizations engaged in research or commercial production of alpha1e subunits are required to file the alpha1e subunits form to ensure compliance with regulatory guidelines.

How to fill out alpha1e subunits form form?

To fill out the alpha1e subunits form, applicants must provide accurate and thorough information regarding the alpha1e subunits being reported, including data on their characteristics, source, and any relevant experimental results.

What is the purpose of alpha1e subunits form form?

The purpose of the alpha1e subunits form is to collect essential information for safety assessment, regulatory compliance, and to track research developments in the field of biochemistry and molecular biology.

What information must be reported on alpha1e subunits form form?

The alpha1e subunits form must report information such as the identity and characteristics of the subunits, experimental methods used, potential applications, and safety data.