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Targets of RNA-directed DNA methylation Marjorie Matze, Tattoo Kano, Bruno Vettel, Lucia Danger and Antonius J M Matze RNA-directed DNA methylation contributes substantially to epigenetic regulation
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The presence of these non-native small RNA's during the translation of the DNA template into messenger RNA's (mRNAs) is a consequence of transcriptional silencing during replication. They contribute to the DNA-specific methylation of large numbers of non-target sites on the gene expression of specific genes that are responsive to specific environmental factors, thereby facilitating the control of DNA methylation. Nucleotide-binding DNA methyltransferases (DNMT-1 and DNMT-2) have also been implicated in DNA-specific DNA methylation of target genes and the promoter sequences of genes. The mechanisms through which nucleotide-binding DNMT1 and DNMT2 mediate methylation and histone modifications have been characterized recently in different plants and in mice. Recent studies with the CRISPR/Ca's system have illustrated the role of histone modifications in genetic information exchange. CRISPR/Ca's systems have been exploited to study the epigenetic regulation of genes in the rice seedling. In general, a number of factors are known to activate transcription of a target gene, and the DNA methylation state of the promoter (histone marks) contributes to this activation. This study highlights that transcriptional activation of target genes may involve the nucleotide-binding sites of nucleotide sequence-specific Units and the histone marks produced by transcriptional enhancer-binding proteins. The use of RNA-directed DNA methylation will become a more important tool to study the mechanisms of the regulation of transcriptional DNA methylation and histone modifications that is mediated by RNA polymerase II. In the future, the use of RNA-directed DNA methylation will also be applied to study the epigenetic regulation of histone modifications through the modification of DNA template regions through DNA methylation. Author Summary RNA directed DNA methylation is a recently identified phenomenon that can be used to study the DNA methylation state of specific regions of specific genes. It is particularly useful in investigating the roles of non-coding RNA's in the regulation of gene expression. RNA directed DNA methylation can also be applied to study non-coding RNA regions that contain specific protein-coding fragments. RNA-directed DNA methylation is a process that is not known or appreciated by many biologists. Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying RNA-directed DNA methylation is limited and the concept may have important applications in the study of non-coding DNA methylation in plants.

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Targets of RNA-directed DNA are specific sequences within a DNA molecule where RNA molecules can guide DNA modifications or editing processes.
The requirement to file targets of RNA-directed DNA is typically determined by the regulatory body or institution overseeing the use of this technology. It may vary depending on the country or jurisdiction.
The process of filling out targets of RNA-directed DNA would depend on the specific guidelines or forms provided by the regulatory body. Generally, it would involve providing details such as the specific target sequences, purpose of modification, intended outcomes, and any safety considerations.
The purpose of targets of RNA-directed DNA is to identify and document the specific DNA sequences that will undergo modifications or editing using RNA-guided technologies. It helps in planning and ensuring the accuracy of the genetic modifications.
The information to be reported on targets of RNA-directed DNA may include the DNA sequence being targeted, the specific modification or editing methodology used, intended outcomes, potential risks or side effects, and any safety precautions taken.
The specific deadline to file targets of RNA-directed DNA in 2023 would depend on the regulations or guidelines set by the regulatory body or institution overseeing the technology. It is recommended to refer to the applicable rules and deadlines in each specific jurisdiction.
The penalties for late filing of targets of RNA-directed DNA would be determined by the regulatory body or institution overseeing the technology. These penalties could include financial fines, delays in project approvals, or potential legal consequences. It is advisable to consult the relevant regulations to understand the specific penalties associated with late filing.
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