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This document analyzes the impact of violence and segregation laws on African American patenting activity from 1870 to 1940, using a unique dataset of patents to draw connections between political
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How to fill out Violence and Economic Activity: Evidence from African American Patents, 1870 to 1940

01
Gather relevant data on African American patents from 1870 to 1940.
02
Identify the intersection of violence and economic activity in historical contexts.
03
Review existing literature on economic contributions of African Americans during this period.
04
Analyze patent filings by African Americans to assess economic impact.
05
Organize data by timelines, geographical locations, and industries.
06
Summarize findings and relate them to the broader themes of violence and economic development.

Who needs Violence and Economic Activity: Evidence from African American Patents, 1870 to 1940?

01
Researchers studying the economic history of African Americans.
02
Policy makers looking for historical context on issues of violence and economic disparity.
03
Historians focusing on innovation and entrepreneurship within marginalized communities.
04
Educators aiming to incorporate diverse economic histories into their curriculum.
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In total, we estimate that African Americans invented more than 50,000 patents over the period. Thus, when freed of extreme political oppression, Black Americans demonstrated a level of inventiveness that matched the most inventive groups in US history.
Passed by Congress February 26, 1869, and ratified February 3, 1870, the 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote.
Passed by Congress February 26, 1869, and ratified February 3, 1870, the 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote.
Postbellum Patent Boom The patent oath continued to bar enslaved African Americans from the patent office until the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868. With African Americans having gained citizenship, their patenting activity increased significantly in the decades after the Civil War.
The Fifteenth Amendment (ratified in 1870) extended voting rights to men of all races. However, this amendment was not enough because African Americans were still denied the right to vote by state constitutions and laws, poll taxes, literacy tests, the “grandfather clause,” and outright intimidation.
The folding chair, gas mask, traffic signal, automatic elevator doors, potato chips and the Super Soaker childrens's water gun toy were all invented by Black innovators.
Radical Republican senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts introduced the Civil Rights Act in 1870 as an amendment to a general amnesty bill for former Confederates. The bill guaranteed all citizens, regardless of color, access to accommodations, theatres, public schools, churches, and cemeteries.

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It is a research study that explores the relationship between violence and economic activity through the lens of African American patents filed between 1870 and 1940, analyzing how social and economic factors influenced innovation.
Individuals or researchers conducting studies or surveys related to the historical economic activities and patent filings of African Americans during the specified period would be required to file, particularly those seeking to analyze the data for academic or policy purposes.
To fill out the required information, individuals should collect relevant data regarding patent filings, including the name of the inventor, date of filing, type of invention, and any noted incidents of violence during that period, ensuring accuracy and completeness.
The purpose is to understand the impact of social conditions, including violence and discrimination, on the economic contributions of African Americans, specifically through their inventions and patents within the historical context.
Information that must be reported includes the inventor's name, patent number, filing date, title of the invention, a description of the invention, and any relevant socio-economic or violent events that may have influenced the patenting process.
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