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Next time someone asks you who you think you are, just give them the facts. You're a mammalian amniotic Tetrapoda sarcopterygiianosteichthyan gnathostomal vertebrate cranial chordate. Yeah, it's a mouthful. And in order to understand what it means, you#39’re going Mohave to understand the most complex group of animals on earth, and what it takes to get from this to this. The phylum Chordata accounts for all 52,000 species of vertebrate son earth and several thousand species of invertebrates. Together they range from tiny, brainless filter feeders all the way up to Scarlett Johansson. Now, you know by now that when we talk about classifying animals, we're really talking about their shared ancestry, each new branch on this tree marking an important new evolutionary milestone. And just like with tissue layers and segmentation in simpler animals, there are traits we can look photo track the evolution of chordates. By the time all of those traits appear in one organism, we'll have arrived at the most complex class within the most complex phylum: the mammals. But first let's start with the fundamentals. We've talked before about synapomorphic traits:traits that set a group of animals apart from its ancestor sand from other groups that came from the same ancestors. Chordates share four synapomorphies that make us who we are. Each of them is present at some pointing every chordate#39’s life cycle. How about a volunteer to demonstrate these traits? Ah, I see that the lance lets are raising their...mouth parts. The lance lets, also known as Cephalochordata, literally “head-cords,” are one of the three sub-phyla of chordates. And unlike almost all other chordates, these tiny, brainless, invertebrate filter feeders retain all four of these characteristics for their entire lives. You probably already know where most of these traits are going to appear, since the phylum is named after it:the spinal cord, or at least something that resembles spinal cord. First there's the notochord, a structure made of cartilage that runs between an animal's digestive tube and its nerve cord. In most vertebrates, a skeleton develops around the notochordal allows the muscles to attach. In humans, the notochord is reduced to the disks of cartilage that we have between our vertebrae. Second, we have the nerve cord itself, called the dorsal hollow nerve cord a tube made of nerve fibers that develops into the central nervous system. This is what makes chordates different from other animal phyla, which have solid, ventral nerve cords, meaning they run along the front or stomach side. Third, all chordates have pharyngeal slits. In invertebrates like our Lancelot here, they function filters for feeding. In fish and other aquatic animals, that#39’re gill slits, and in land-dwelling vertebrates like us, they disappear before we're born, but that tissue develops into areas around our jaws, ears, and other structures in the head and neck. And finally, we can't forget our fourth...
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