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Cells are the smallest living units of an organism. All cells have three things in common no matter what type of cell they are. All cells have a cell membrane which separates the inside the cell from its environment, cytoplasm, which is a jelly-like fluid, and DNA which is the cell's genetic material. There are two broad categories of cells. The first category is eukaryotic cells. They have organelles which include the nucleus and other special parts. Eukaryotic cells are more advanced, complex cells such as those found in plants and animals. The second category is prokaryotic cells. They don't have a nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles. They do have genetic material, but it's not contained within a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells are always one celled, or unicellular organisms, such as bacteria. So what are organelles? Organelle means quot;little organ.” Organelles are the specialized parts of a cell that have unique jobs to perform. Let's start with the nucleus, the control center of the cell. The nucleus contains DNA or genetic material. DNA dictates what the cell is going to do and how it's going to do it. Chromatin the tangled, spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane. When a cell is ready to divide DNA condenses into structures known as chromosomes. The nucleus also contains a nucleolus, which is a structure where ribosomes are made. After ribosomes leave the nucleus they will have the important job of quot;synthesizing”, or making, proteins. Outside the nucleus the ribosomes and the rest of the organelles float around in cytoplasm, which is the jelly-like substance. Ribosomes may wander freely within the cytoplasm or attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, sometimes abbreviated as ER. There are two types of ER: rough ER has ribosomes attached to it and smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes attached to it. The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials such as the proteins synthesized by ribosomes. Proteins and other materials emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum in small vesicles where the Golgi apparatus, sometimes called the Golgi body receives them. As proteins move through the Golgi body they're customized into forms that the cell can use. The Golgi body does this by folding the proteins into usable shapes. Or adding other materials on to them such as lipids or carbohydrates Vacuoles are sac-like structures that store different materials. Here, in this plant cell, the central vacuole stores water. Going back to the animal cell, you'll see an organelle called a lysosome. Lysosomes are the garbage collectors that take in damaged or worn out cell parts. They are filled with enzymes that break down this cellular debris. The mitochondrion in is an organelle that is the powerhouse for both animal and plant cells. During a process called cellular respiration the mitochondria make ATP molecules that provide the energy for all the cells activities. Cells that need more energy have more...
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