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Water is weird. And I mean that in a good way. Its amazing chemical properties can — and have — filled books, and it’s no exaggeration to say the properties of water make life possible. But it really is super weird. Most chemicals have one solid form, or at most a couple. Depending on whom you ask and how you count, water has seventeen or more. And while there’s only the one on Earth, we expect to find these exotic forms of ice … in space. Temperature and pressure have a big influence on whether a chemical will exist in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state at any given moment. They both affect how molecules arrange themselves in a stable way. And there are so many kinds of ice because of the unique chemistry of water molecules. The oxygen atom in a water molecule has two hydrogens sticking off it, and it also has two lone pairs of electrons. Electrons are tiny, but the negative charges repel each other. So those pairs of electrons actually take up space. Effectively, there are four things sticking off the oxygen. They shuffle around to be as far away from each other as possible, and that takes the form of a tetrahedron with oxygen in the center. The hydrogen atoms and electron pairs on different water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with one another — one hydrogen with one electron pair. As long as every water molecule is neatly hydrogen bonded with its neighbors in a crystalline form, that’s solid ice. But tetrahedrons can fit together in more than one way. Plus, the electron pairs on nearby molecules repel each other and can push the molecules a bit farther apart. The result is that water molecules are constantly jostling each other around to find a stable configuration. Change the temperature or the pressure just a bit, and the molecules will shift to a different crystalline form. There are about seventeen of these crystalline forms. Each one gets a Roman numeral, named in order of their discovery, from good of’ ice I on up. The reason we say “about” 17 is that it’s really hard to achieve the extreme temperatures and pressures needed to make all of them in a lab. Some of the ones that have been observed are metastable, or establish. Another form of ice would theoretically dominate at that temperature and pressure, but the metastable form is the one the molecules have settled into for a moment. There are also forms of ice that have been predicted to exist in computer models and simulations, but we’ve never actually created. Then, there are forms of ice that exist outside the Roman numeral system, because they’re not crystalline forms. Amorphous ice, for example, doesn't’t have a very orderly, repeated crystalline structure, so it doesn't’t get a fancy number. But it’s still a solid, like glass, or butter. And there’s even wilder forms, called supersonic ices, where the oxygen atoms are locked into a crystal lattice, but the hydrogen atoms are free to move around. So how many of these ices have you unknowingly run into, or made snowmen out of?...
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