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Hi everyone and welcome to biology professor today we're going to talk about balancing selection is an interesting phenomenon when natural selection maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population so rather than natural selection favoring one phenotype over another and over time that one phenotypic form becoming far more common or perhaps the only here to the corner of the population instead two or more are maintained at relatively stable frequencies now there are two different mechanisms that can lead to balancing selection these are heterozygotes advantage and frequency dependent selection so let's talk about what each of these are and look at an example each heterozygote advantage is when a heterozygote and individual having one allele for each of those phenotypic forms when they have a greater fitness than either homo zygote, so again the homo zygotes would have two alleles for one of the forms or two alleles for the other form the heterozygote has one allele for each and because the heterozygote has a greater fitness meaning the better ability to survive, and therefore we produce then both of these alleles meaning both of the forms both of the phenotypic forms are maintained in the population now these heterozygotes are often referred to as carriers this is true only when at least one of those alleles so one of the alternative forms of the gene encoding these two different phenotypes when one is considered a disease trait now we see an example of both heterozygote advantage and heterozygotes being carriers in the disease sickle cell anemia now sickle cell trait means having one allele for sickle cell anemia and one regular allele and of course we're talking about alleles for a specific polypeptide and hemoglobin and when the different polypeptides are present if you have the disease polypeptide present than you have sickle cell anemia now so people who have two alleles for sickle cell trait meaning two alleles for that incorrect hemoglobin polypeptide they have sickle cell anemia, so this is one type of homo zygote the other type of homo zygote is when they have two non sickle cell trait alleles however, so they don't have sickle cell anemia, but they tend to be pretty susceptible to malaria the heterozygote on the other hand is a carrier for sickle cell trait they do have one sickle cell allele, but they also have one regular O'Neill now that regular allele is the one that when present twice in a person leads to success leads to susceptibility to malaria however these heterozygotes actually have a huge advantage because they are resistant to malaria as a result of having one of the sickle cell trait alleles but because they don't have to they don't have sickle cell anemia so the heterozygotes they don't have sickle cell anemia, and they're pretty resistant to malaria which means that in regions where malaria a common problem and populations both of these alleles are maintained in the population again at relatively stable frequencies...
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