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EXERCISE 9A Name How are plasmids used in recombinant DNA technology? Day One: Transformation of E. coli and digestion of plasmid DNA with restriction enzymes Objectives After completing this exercise,

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1. Plasmids are typically inserted into bacterial cells using a method called transformation. The bacteria are first grown in a nutrient-rich medium and then made competent, or capable of taking up foreign DNA.
2. The plasmid DNA is purified and mixed with the competent bacteria. This mixture is incubated on ice or at a low temperature to allow the plasmids to enter the bacterial cells.
3. Heat shock treatment is commonly used to increase the efficiency of transformation. The mixture of plasmids and bacteria is subjected to a brief period of higher temperature, followed by a quick return to a lower temperature. This thermal shock helps the plasmids to cross the bacterial cell membrane.
4. After heat shock, the bacteria are allowed to recover by incubating them in a nutrient-rich medium. The recovery period allows the bacteria to repair any damage to their membrane and begin expressing the genes carried by the plasmids.
5. The transformed bacteria are then selected using antibiotic resistance markers present in the plasmids. Only bacteria that have successfully taken up the plasmids and integrated them into their genome will be able to survive in the presence of the antibiotic.

Who needs how are plasmids used:

1. Researchers in the field of molecular biology often use plasmids for various purposes, such as gene cloning, gene expression, and genetic engineering. These tools allow scientists to manipulate and study genes in a controlled way, helping to understand their functions and develop new therapeutics.
2. Biotechnology companies and pharmaceutical companies also make use of plasmids for the production of recombinant proteins and the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Plasmids are used to introduce specific genes into organisms, enabling them to produce desirable proteins or exhibit certain desired traits.
3. Additionally, plasmids are used in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as the production of vaccines, gene therapy, and the detection of diseases. These applications often involve the delivery of therapeutic genes into specific cells or tissues, which can be achieved using plasmid vectors.

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What is how are plasmids used?

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are commonly used in genetic engineering to introduce new genes into cells.

Who is required to file how are plasmids used?

Researchers and scientists working with plasmids are required to document how they are being used.

How to fill out how are plasmids used?

The details of how plasmids are being used should be carefully documented and reported according to the guidelines provided.

What is the purpose of how are plasmids used?

The purpose of documenting how plasmids are used is to ensure transparency, traceability, and compliance with research protocols.

What information must be reported on how are plasmids used?

The report on how plasmids are used should include details such as the type of plasmid, the genes inserted, the host cell type, and the experimental procedures.