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Leah here from leah4sci.com and in this video we'll take a look at common functional groups that you have to know in your Organic Chemistry course. Be sure to check out my functional group quiz and cheat sheet as well as the videos on how to name each particular group by visiting my website leah4sci.com/Naming. So what is a Functional Group? In Organic Chemistry you'll see a lot of molecules that are made up of carbons and hydrogens. You can get many complex structures and many isomers from just carbons and hydrogens. Before molecule to be reactive it tends to have other atoms with different electronegativities, different electrons, concentrations, pi bonds. Those specific groups, those are your functional groups. Now before we go into Functional Groups, I want to talk about one type of group that you'll see that's not functional group at all and that's the R group. As we look into your textbook you'll see molecules that has carbons, oxygen, nitrogen, and an R group. But an R group does not represent a specific collection of atoms, instead the R group tells you what you have on the rest of the molecule. For example, if I'm looking at this structure here, but then I have a complex group of a C double bound O, single bound O, single bound to another C with three hydrogens and I specifically want to focus on this portion of the molecule. I don't want to look at the carbon chain, it's not my priority for this discussion. So instead of reading this entire molecule and the group that I boxed off, I'll turn the entire purple portion in R for the rest of the molecule, and then simply focus on the ester here which is a CO2CH3. R is the rest of the molecule that I don't want to focus on right now, but I still acknowledge that it's there. When talking about functional groups, you'll typically see R-functional group to show that it can come up at any type of molecule. Another thing to discuss before we go into Functional Groups are the type of carbon chains that you're going to see specifically the Alkane, Alkene, and Alkane. Notice the ending Alkane is quot;ANE”, Alkene is “ENE”, Alkane is “one”. And this tells you the number of pi bonds specifically carbon to carbon pi bonds that you're going to see. An Alkane has no pi bonds between carbon atoms, that means every atom is single bound to another carbon. You'll see this drawn out in line structure as a zigzag where every carbon is sp3 hybridized with an ideal bond angle of 109.5 degrees. An Alkene is a molecule that has at least one double bond between carbon atoms. You'll see that as carbon double bound to carbon where the first bond is the sigma and that's with your hybridized orbitals and the second is a pi bond sitting in the p-orbitals. In line structure, it'll look the same as your alkane except that you'll see a second line representing the pi bond. You can have more than one double bond on a molecule as long as they're different carbon atoms that have the pi bond so that each is still considered a...
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