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We spend a lot of time thinking about atoms as looking as this. There's a ball and there's a stick, and their#39’s another ball and another stick. It#39’s just a bunch of balls stuck together by these little wooden bonds. Simple. Pretty easy to understand, and thus as you have probably come to expect it is entirely incorrect. Nuclei really can be understood as little balls, and that#39’s more or less correct, though when you get to some bigger, less stable ones they start looking more oblong and weird like a rugby ball. Atoms are basically ball-like as well, with electrons and a spherical cloud around the nucleus. But molecules, as we discussed last time, do not look like balls on sticks. Bonds don't form into neat little lines. They form from overlapping electron clouds or shells, flowing around the nuclei of bonded atoms. If you really get down there and understand what they look like, they're like lumpy, clumpy globs of probable electron locations. And these lumpy, clumps of probable electron locations do not behave the way you might initially expect them to behave. Oh, no. That would be far too simple. They behave based on quantum mechanical, 3-dimensional wave functions, probabilistic distributions of electrons in space. And yeah, by the end of this episode, you#39’re going to understand what I just said and it#39’s going to be awesome! Theme Music Let#39’s start with water, because all the interesting things on our planet start with water. It's also universally common, not just on our planet but in our galaxy and our universe. Case in point: In 2011, astronomers discovered a cloud of water-ice surrounding a black hole that contains 140 trillion times more water than we have here on Earth. And while we don't have any confirmed worlds covered in water outside our solar system, we do have some right here in our solar system. Europa contains so much water, probably salt water, that its entire surface is just ice. What did any of that have to do with atomic orbitals? Nothing. I just felt like maybe I scared you with all that quantum mechanics talk before the intro and I wanted to chill you out for a second. Okay, so water. We did its Lewis structure last week, remember? Each hydrogen bonding to the oxygen atom, and oil ! But that drawing is linear, just a straight line through all the nuclei, and we know, just instinctually at this point, that water is a bent molecule. But why? Why is water crooked? Unbounded atoms within a molecule generally like to be as far away from each other as possible, especially if they have the same partial charge as the 2 hydrogens do with their partial positives. But something is keeping those hydrogens closer together than they would like to be. So why on earth are they not stretched out as far away from each other as possible? I ask this because if they were, the water molecule wouldn't#39’t be polar, and if water was suddenly non-polar we would all instantly die, as would all life on Earth. And suddenly, we...
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