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Hello, my name is Maid, and I'm a material scientists lecture will be about vacuum and vacuum systems In the first part I will talk about vacuum itself and in the second part ill show you 3D models of different vacuum pumps and explain how they work and eventually, in the third part I will talk about devices used to measure vacuum why do we need vacuum? First, it is needed for carrying out different analyzes and measurementsBecause vacuum helps to keep the surfaces clean for a long time, and also it prevents the contamination of detector sand it prevents the primary beam electrons ions or photons from interacting with the gas in the chambers basically, if you don't have a nice vacuum in your scanning electron microscope then you get images like Thimbu, if the vacuum is sufficiently high, then the surfaces of the sample and detector are kept cleaning also the electrons do not interact with the gas in the chamber which allows to obtain some very nice, high resolution image sand also the data about the sample composition will be more accurateVacuum is not only needed for studying materials but also for creating materials by for example physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD)and it can also be used in other applications such as simply drying or space simulations' particle accelerators or studying nuclear reactions and so what is vacuum? Basically, vacuum is a state where the space is empty — there are no gas molecules or air in stand in this definition we are dealing with atoms that contribute to the pressureHowever, in reality there are also countless subatomic particles and there is no way to get rid of them lets take neutrinos for example, countless them pass through you each moment, and you don't even notice or worry about then a substrate is in a gas environment then a monomolecular layer adsorbs on the sample surface and this is a very fast process even at low pressures time, needed for this monomolecular layer to form, can be calculated with this equation harsher the pressure is in pascals (Pa)And when you do the calculations you will see that the process is really, really Fastcase of historical reasons, there are different units used to describe pressure such as bar, tour, Pa. And if you want to convert these units into each other than you need to know the numbers you can simply quot;google” and get the converter for yourself lets see what the pressure is in different placenta, above the ocean, the pressure is about 101325 Pa, which equals to 1 atmospheric pressureBefore starting the takeout process it is extremely important to make sure that the whole system is heated up evenly because gas could adsorb on the colder parts of the system leading to bad vacuum later and also if you heat up the system evenly then it decreases mechanical stresses that would otherwise lead to the formation of Zealand now it is time to get to the second part of the lecture — vacuum pumps that's it! I hope...
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