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HYDROGEN and FUEL CELL Stationary Applications in France Paul Lunches CEA, France P.LUNCHES ILC Meeting, Rio de Janeiro, 22-23 March 2005 1 Today's situation in France for electricity market Electricity

6% in 2005 for the electricity sector) Renewables (10 % renewable feed- in renewable) (30 % renewable feed-in renewable) 15 % of the electricity grid in France is provided by renewables (10% renewable biomass) The demand of France's electricity grid is about 1.5 % higher than it was in 1980. The price of electricity by state (20 % for electricity production from 2, 0%) The price of electricity by private (6 %) Renewable technologies are installed almost at the same rate as fossil fuels. Renewables only account for 3 % of net electricity generation in France. France's electricity transmission, distribution and markets market was created by a combination of public, private and cooperative investment with considerable public government support. The Electricity Distribution and Markets Act (2002) was the first law of its kind in Europe and has contributed a lot to the national transmission, distribution and markets system. It aimed to guarantee access to reliable supplies by facilitating access to new generation sources as well as by ensuring competition. The Act also focused on energy security, efficiency, protection of consumers' interests and the environment. The main objectives of the Act were met in 2006, when it achieved its key objectives of encouraging the use of renewable technologies; encouraging the use of energy efficiency methods; and protecting the environment (Environment Act). The Electricity Transmission, Distribution and Markets Act (2002) was the first law of its kind in Europe and has contributed a lot to the national transmission, distribution and markets system. It aimed to guarantee access to reliable supplies by facilitating access to new generation sources as well as by ensuring competition. The Act also focused on energy security, efficiency, protection of consumers' interests and the environment. The main objectives of the Act were met in 2006, when it achieved its key objectives of encouraging the use of renewable technologies; encouraging the use of energy efficiency methods; and protecting the environment (Environment Act). The EDF-PVAS system, which became operational in 2003, was one of the most important achievements in the promotion of renewables in France.

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Hydrogen is a chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (such as hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (such as oxygen) into electrical energy.

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The purpose of hydrogen and fuel cell technology is to provide a clean and efficient alternative energy source. Hydrogen can be produced from various renewable sources and when used in fuel cells, it generates electricity with only water as a byproduct, reducing harmful emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

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