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COBALT 27 3. HEALTH EFFECTS 3.1 INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with

This section also contains additional background on health and health safety issues, and recommendations on public health policy measures. Section 3.3 makes special mention of public health measures to limit exposure to cobalt. SECTION 1: ACTIVISM AND MECHANICAL EFFECTS OF COBALT 1.1 ACTIVISM 1.1.1 Exposure The exposure to cobalt from natural or man-made sources has been reported as being extremely low to trace and the average daily exposure from natural sources being well below 2 mg per kilogram. However, one would be excreted in the urine through the kidneys and feces. The average dose from occupational exposures to cobalt is much greater, typically in the range of 50–400 mg/m3. Although the occupational risks from exposure to cobalt are much lower than the acute health risks, the occupational hazard is still significant considering the volume and concentration of cobalt in the materials used by an industry employing hundreds of thousands of workers in the United States and Canada. The risk for human exposure can be determined from the following three factors. 1. Quantity of exposure in comparison to exposure risk. The risk of exposure to cobalt from an occupational exposure in the U.S. is relatively low, as compared with other toxic metals. Cobalt in an industrial product requires further processing (such as refining or chemical reaction) to remove unwanted cobalt components. If a work environment is also a source of cobalt (such as from mining or smelting), more cobalt is released into the environment than would be released from an occupational exposure. This concentration depends on processing and on the amount of cobalt in the chemical reactants. The level of risk and quantity of exposure from one source may not be a risk to another. For example, the amount of cobalt released from mining activities is much lower than the exposure from a household dusting by an individual. The risk for total cobalt exposure from an individual's lifetime of exposure may be greater than that from an individual's lifetime exposure to an industrial product for cobalt that is not available in a consumer product. 1.2 Risk of effect: exposure to cobalt. There are no epidemiological studies that demonstrate that cobalt is harmful with respect to occupational or other direct exposures. Therefore, the hazard is low but still significant based on the current knowledge. 2. General toxicological profile.

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