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Virginia Commonwealth University Transportation Safety Training Center Crash Investigation Team Special Report Number 20 ? September 2006 ABSTRACT During March, April and May 2006, seven small children

The investigation includes four case studies illustrating the importance of a child restraint system. Fourteen out of the twenty-eight crashes occurred as passengers entered or left the vehicle while the driver or passenger was not actively engaged in the operation of the vehicle, which may also explain how little time elapsed before the fatal crash. Although a third of the crashes were at night, only 7% of the vehicles were equipped with rear seat safety restraints, but the majority of the deaths occurred on roads where children are required to be secured to their rear. Keywords: children, fatal crashes, United States, child safety restraint systems 1. Introduction The number of children ages 18 months and younger involved in fatal motorcycle crashes and, particularly, their ages at death has increased exponentially since the mid- 1970s (Hale-Winston et al. 2001). In a study funded by the Department of Transportation, the rate for fatally injured children decreased from 17 children in 1976, to 13 children in 1975, to 12 children in 1974, and then to 7 in 1973 (NHTSA 1975). This pattern, as documented in several earlier publications, is consistent with other reports which describe a growing trend for crashes involving children (Stammerer et al. 2001; Hirschfield and Stoner 1987; Stokes & Stoner 1992). The current research on fatal motorcycle crashes of children is focused primarily on the fatalities in the first year of their lives (1) and on three groups: children 5-11 years, children 12 months and younger, and children 13 years and younger (Hale-Winston et al. 2001). The majority of deaths of children in fatal crashes occur when the driver is incapacitated by alcohol or drugs and/or fails to use a proper child safety restraint system. While child fatalities in fatal crashes are not uncommon, many accidents involving children continue to go unreported because of the difficulty or expense involved in transporting the children to a hospital for examination and treatment. Many of the crashes that do make it to the accident investigation lab do not result in a conviction without additional information from other witnesses, police, or other accident scene investigators. In the vast majority of cases, a conviction for a nonfatal crash result is rare. Fatal crashes typically involve motor vehicles that fail to meet federally mandated safety standards. The purpose of this article is to provide a more generalized look at two types of fatalities involving children 15 months and younger.

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