In the European Union, the first large scale emissions trading scheme has been running since 1995. This study is not concerned with the technical aspects of the European scheme but with the issues raised by the success of the US scheme. This is a case of finding a trade-off between the economic benefits of the scheme and its perceived effectiveness compared with other measures. It looks in detail at the political and economic factors that influenced the success of US trading schemes. The study is based on quantitative analysis of trade statistics to evaluate the size of the emissions trading scheme and to evaluate whether it has had an overall positive impact as advertised; it does this taking into account the potential effects of price increases and other effects. From a theoretical perspective it follows and builds on the research by Bode et al. (1995) relating international emissions trading schemes to the effect of changes in political institutions, which in turn are informed by the potential effects of the scheme. It also follows the arguments discussed in the introduction of Bode et al. (1995). The purpose of this analysis is not to give a 'carbon trading' perspective on emissions reductions per se so much as to suggest that countries may have reasons for pursuing a particular program for a particular reason. This approach can help to understand why, for example, Australia has been reluctant to join the US scheme. This paper is also a critique of some previous studies that have attempted to assess the effect of international emissions trading schemes (e.g. Bode et al. 1993a; Bode 1993b). In particular, Bode and Stoke (1995) have argued for examining the effect of national emission quotas rather than trade emissions reductions, and using more extensive methods to detect the effect of the scheme on emissions, e.g. using 'climate forcing factors', and use of satellite data rather than the atmosphere as a whole. Some of those studies have used empirical methods to establish the impact of the emissions trading scheme but have not addressed this issue in depth and have made conclusions that depend heavily upon the use of non-representative data. We will present methods that are both more sophisticated and more representative of the nature of emissions trading in general. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENTIAL MARKET FOR ANTI-CORRUPTION REDUCTIONS This has been a popular theme since the launch of the UK ETS in 1997.
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13 Emission Trading Schemes in Europe: Linking the EU Emissions Trading with National Programs Sven Bode Published in: Hans gens, Bernd (Ed.) Emissions Trading for Climate Policy US and European Perspectives,
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Emission trading schemes are market-based strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by allowing companies to buy and sell emission allowances or credits.
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Companies that are part of the emission trading scheme and have an obligation to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions are required to file emission trading schemes.
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The penalty for the late filing of emission trading schemes can vary depending on the jurisdiction and regulations in place. It may involve financial penalties, loss of emission allowances, or other consequences as determined by the regulatory authority.
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