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Tasting the forbidden fruit: gender based dietary differences among prehistoric hunter-gatherers of Eastern Europe Malcolm Lillie www.hull.ac.uk/wetlands Wetland Archaeology & Environments Research

The fact that both men and women participated in hunting (as indicated by artifacts and other evidence) could indicate that women were not expected to carry the bulk of the hunting load. Men are more agile and can hunt at speed while females can only run at a pace close to the animal that could be managed on foot, so it seems plausible that the women would be better able to detect the movement of the animal in time to run, giving them an advantage in this pursuit. If this is in fact the case, then this could be considered to be a gender dependent strategy, possibly reflecting some form of sexual dimorphism in the traits related to detection of movement, in the manner of how female hunter-gatherers might be expected to use their body characteristics to their advantage. There is no reason then to assume that men and women were not equally skilled hunters in the past; rather, it seems plausible that they differed in their level of skill or lack of skill. Anecdotally, however, women have always been thought to be better at detecting an approaching predator than men during hunting, and many modern cultures do in fact give preference to women in pursuing game. The idea that women should enjoy an advantage in hunting because of our biological sex and not simply for convenience is not well-supported by the evidence. The male-female ratio of hunting is very low among living human populations, and it has been estimated at approximately one woman to one man (1). Furthermore, many animals hunt using a tail-wagging posture with the head and body perpendicular to the prey, while many birds, fish and mammals (such as the American cheetah) tail walk (see Figure 2). There are many other behavioral differences between the sexes (3, 4), and one important one is that hunter-gatherers will usually chase their quarry while lying supine on their back rather than standing up and chasing, a move which has been attributed to the female body being more flexible (5). The tail-walking posture makes it unlikely that the advantage of female body flexibility would be outweighed by any physical or behavioral differences between men and women in hunting. It follows therefore that there is no reason whatsoever why women should have an advantage in hunting. This does not mean that women and men are equally skilled in hunting; there are undoubtedly biological and environmental factors that influence performance. However, it appears rather unlikely that sexual dimorphism in hunting skills would be a factor in influencing how men and women pursue prey.

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