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New from OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS SIMULTANEOUS EEG AND fMRI Recording, Analysis, and Application Edited by MARKUS ASPERGER and STEFAN DEEPER systemic interactions in brain networks have been successfully

INTRODUCTION In addition to recording from various scalp electrodes, the most commonly used techniques to investigate brain function include fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging); EEG (electroencephalography); and magnetoencephalography (MEG) (Magnetoencephalography). The former are used to study the functioning of specific brain regions of interest; while the latter, is used for the acquisition of electro-physical properties (e.g. power levels), which in turn can be used to study brain function more broadly. This approach is based on the well-established principle that the brain represents a complex integrated system, and all brain functions are performed by interacting networks of neurons (Geese et al. 1982 ; Curtz 1994). It has become evident that neural activity is a consequence of brain activity, a basic observation underlying theoretical and methodological advances throughout brain research. For example, cortical activity and other neuronal networks are strongly correlated. Therefore, when the brain's activity in a specific part of the cortical surface is monitored, a general effect can be observed throughout the brain (Fig.). There are few fundamental limits to such interactions (Pullman and Nasser 1977). The brain functions of specific regions, such as the basal ganglia, hippocampus, or cerebellum, often include non-sensing components such as the perception and movement of muscle. Consequently, activity in these regions is difficult or impossible to record directly. EEG and MEG, on the other hand, record neural activity directly from the scalp. EEG recordings allow the direct observation of neural activity, and it is often difficult to distinguish between specific types of brain activity such as muscle activity or sensorimotor processing (see figure 1). Figure 1 Open in figure viewer PowerPoint A schematic illustration of the three common types of brain measurements. Neurophysiologist measurements can be classified into three broad categories: the direct observation of neuronal membrane potentials, electroencephalograms (EEG's) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition to direct measurements, the EEG has the advantage of being relatively inexpensive to obtain and measure and the low-cost fMRI can be used to study whole brain networks and the processing of information. Figure 2 Open in figure viewer PowerPoint Schematic diagram of the three main types of measurements used for studying the neuronal activities involved in mental activity and memory and for studying the brain mechanisms by which they are performed.

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