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Mr. Clifford: I'm Mr. Clifford... and this is Adrienne Hill, welcome to Crash Course economics. Let's start by talking about something that most people take for granted. Adrienne: Is it grocery stores, is it the census, is it GPS, is it goldfish, is it frogs? Oh, it's probably these strawberries, right? Mr. Clifford: No, I was going to say markets. Adrienne: But, strawberries are great. Mr. Clifford: Yeah, but where do you think strawberries came from? Adrienne: The ground, the farmer, the market, the grocery store, the miracle of life? Mr. Clifford: Now look around you. Where did all that stuff come from? And who made it? And why? Well, the answer is simple, but it's underrated. It's markets, and for most of us farms and factories and stores, but mainly it's just markets. Can I have a strawberry now? [Theme Music] Adrienne: So a market is any place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services. The key to markets is the concept of voluntary exchange. That is, that buyers and sellers willingly decide to make a transaction. Let's say you go to a farmer's market, and you buy a box of strawberries for $3. You value the box of strawberries more than the $3 you gave up to get it. The seller valued the $3 more than the box of strawberries. The transaction's a win-win because you got your strawberries and the farmer got his money. You both felt better off; that's voluntary exchange. This same process happens in the labor market. Say that instead of the farmer's market, you bought your strawberries at your local supermarket. The cashier voluntarily decided to work there. He values the $10 an hour he makes there more than he does sitting at home watching the Walking Dead. At the same time, the owner of the store values the labor of the cashier more than the $10 an hour she pays him. And so it goes, on and on, all the way up the chain of production, from the driver that delivered the strawberries to the farmer that grew the strawberries to the tractor that the farmer purchased. The point is that markets are everywhere and most are based on voluntary exchange. Mr. Clifford: The part of all this that most people take for granted is how efficient the system is. Competitive markets turn out to be pretty great about allocating or distributing our scarce resources towards their most efficient use. So if farmers produce, like, too many strawberries, then the price will fall as sellers try to sell them off. Lower prices means less profit for the strawberry farmers, and those farmers will have an incentive to produce something else like lettuce or Brussels sprouts. So if farmers don't produce enough strawberries, buyers will bid up the price and the farmers will have an incentive to produce more, which then drives down the price. That's like magic except it's not. The information that markets generate to guide a distribution of resources is what economists call price signals. Markets also incentivize the production of high-quality products. If the...
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