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Downloaded from ASBL.royalsocietypublishing.org on April 13, 2011, Biol. Left. DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0202 Published online Evolutionary biology Not whale-fall specialists, Sedan worms also consume

Institute, PO Box 3010, San Rafael, CA 94104, USA This article is based on work in the Journal of Experimental Biology and was supported by the National Science Foundation. Supplementary information Extensive knowledge on whale fall diets is lacking. To explore the dietary preferences of an ancient whale fall, we combined data on whale fall fauna for the last 5.4 million years with the distribution of a rare plant species for which whale falls provide food. We compared the occurrence of species-specific food items for extant whales living in the same environment to the occurrence of a closely related food item in extinct whale fall fauna. We used phylogenetic analysis (phylogeny) by parsimony to assess the relationships of extant whale fall fauna and extinct whale fall fauna. Furthermore, we compared the data to known whale diets in order to reconstruct whale fall diets. Introduction Whales are a diverse group of baleen-feeding marine reptiles that spend at least 20% of their lives swimming at rest or on the surface (Barnes and Sutter, 2009). Due to their small size and the energy requirements of baleen consumption, there are very few animals that can consume them with any regularity (Peters, 2003). A notable exception to the lack of regular consumption by whales is during the autumn when, over the course of a few months, whales migrate from winter feeding grounds in the tropical Pacific (Peters, 2006). During this period, in addition to feeding on fish, squid, and sardines, whales feed on marine plants (Hobson, 1985) and spend about 35% of their day searching for food (Watts, 1996; Lieder and Peters, 2007). In autumn of the central equatorial Pacific, marine-plant-eaters such as the Pacific whaling ship Whale, and the sea lion known as the Sea Lion, feed primarily on the leaves of the want (Euphoria bioethics) (Hobson, 1985). In spring and summer, Whale (Papillomas SPP.) and Sea Lion (Nestorhynchus SPP.) are both known to prey on the fern-leaf plant, Lophophora Williams (Lanka and Hurd, 2001). Marine-plant-eaters also provide food for a wide variety of other marine animals.

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