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Biosecurity 29 MONITORINGLONG-DISTANCESPOREDISPERSAL BEHIND REVIEW S.L.H. VILJANEN-ROLLINSON, E.L. PARR and M.V. MARCONI Crop & Food Research, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand Corresponding

. Shows how LDD is best measured and quantified. In almost all the previous studies the LDD is measured only in field studies with or without controls. In these studies the LDD is taken as the average length of time spent in different environments by a sample of pathogens. The range and intensity of the LDD depend upon the length of the interval between inoculation and testing. Therefore, in field studies, a sample of pathogens might be inoculated (preferably into the soil) a different distance from its last exposure (i.e., inoculation) than it would be inoculated into a test environment (i.e., post-testing) after a longer interval of time between inoculation and testing. In a series of studies (e.g.,”Dictionary of pathogen-associated diseases on European fruits”, 1999; “L'ensemble et l'exploitation DES pathogens isolates Du MAL de Grow St-Germain”, 2002; “Disease-associated fruit pathogenic bacteria and their implications for the identification of diseases on European fruit”, 2003) LDD is measured by direct counting of the number of pathogenic bacteria deposited in different environments on the fruits of more than twenty different European fruit species and varieties. In some of these studies, the test environment and inoculation conditions had been pressed. In these tests the LDD is measured as the inoculum-time distance of inoculation; however, as this inoculum-time distance might be different depending upon the time of inoculation, we can assume that the test inoculum-time distance should be considered as the average of the innocuous intervals during time to testing. This average might be defined as that for the innocuous used for the pre-inoculation inoculation, if a suitable time interval for pre-inoculation was available to measure this interval. The LDD is defined as the period of inoculation by a pathogen on a fruit (i.e., post-inoculation inoculation–testing). The time interval for each innocuous was estimated using the information provided for the pre-inoculation inoculation of the organism, e.g., the innocuous in grams and the inoculum-time in minutes for all tested insulin and the number of grams inoculated per minute. Based on this information, the time interval was measured from inoculation to testing.

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What is monitoring long-distance spore dispersal?

Monitoring long-distance spore dispersal is the process of tracking and studying the dispersion of spores over long distances

Who is required to file monitoring long-distance spore dispersal?

All individuals or organizations involved in activities related to spore dispersal are required to file monitoring long-distance spore dispersal

How to fill out monitoring long-distance spore dispersal?

To fill out monitoring long-distance spore dispersal, you need to gather information about spore dispersal activities, such as location, time, and methods used, and submit it through the designated reporting system

What is the purpose of monitoring long-distance spore dispersal?

The purpose of monitoring long-distance spore dispersal is to better understand the patterns and effects of spore dispersion, which can help in managing the spread of diseases or pests

What information must be reported on monitoring long-distance spore dispersal?

The information that must be reported on monitoring long-distance spore dispersal includes details of spore dispersion activities such as location, duration, methods used, and any observed impacts or related data

When is the deadline to file monitoring long-distance spore dispersal in 2023?

The deadline to file monitoring long-distance spore dispersal in 2023 is December 31st, 2023

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