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Genes and Immunity (1999) 1, 151 155 1999 Stockton Press All rights reserved 1466-4879/$9915.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk BRIEF COMMUNICATION Microsatellite alleles and single nucleotide polymorphisms

Surgery, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2EY, Scotland, UK; 4Department of Pathology, Glasgow University Clinical and Translational Science Center, Glasgow University Hospital, Glasgow G31 3T4, Scotland G31 2JX, Scotland. Acknowledgements: In this study we thank Dr. Peter Potter of the Department of Pathology and DRS. John Scott and Stephen Thompson of the University of Aberdeen and the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Aberdeen for their contributions and assistance with this project. In addition, we thank the following people for their participation and assistance: Join Golfer, Main Horsey, Paul Sodden and Mark Smith of the University of Aberdeen. DISCUSSION Most genetic studies have concentrated on polymorphisms that affect alleles or genes within the interleukin-10 (IL-10) locus. In a large study, we found significant differences between individuals from different populations in one of the alleles of IL-10 that controls IL-10 production. We discovered a high level of heterozygosity in the IL-10 alleles of African, East Asian, South African and Turkish populations. In contrast, a high level of similarity was seen in the North American population and an intermediate level of homozygosity was noted for the other alleles. Although the level of heterozygosity may be determined by the environmental environment, it is unlikely to have a large effect on disease susceptibility. The differences in the levels of heterozygosity may not be the result of genetic drift and selection due to different allele frequencies across populations because the IL-10 allele and control locus were not used in a separate SNP-based haplotype linkage study. In a second study, we compared IL-10 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of white, black, Asian, Hispanic and European Americans. The interrelated levels of IL-10 polymorphism are most likely to be associated with race. We found no clear evidence to suggest that any of the interrelated polymorphisms might be correlated with differences in clinical disease susceptibility. In addition, the observed difference in IL-10 levels is likely to be due to the fact that the IL-10 locus is present in multiple cell types and, therefore, does not account for all or even a large proportion of the differences we have observed in IL-10 levels. Other differences in IL-10 polymorphism may be due to sex, age at recruitment or to differences in the way IL-10 is expressed by different tissue types.

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What is microsatellite alleles and single?

Microsatellite alleles are variations in the number of repeated DNA sequences in a specific region of the genome. A single microsatellite allele represents a specific number of repeats at that region.

Who is required to file microsatellite alleles and single?

The specific requirements for filing microsatellite alleles and single depend on the context. Generally, researchers or laboratories working with genetic data may be required to file this information for research or regulatory purposes.

How to fill out microsatellite alleles and single?

Filling out microsatellite alleles and single typically involves analyzing DNA samples and counting the number of repeats at specific microsatellite loci. This information can then be recorded and reported using standardized formats or databases.

What is the purpose of microsatellite alleles and single?

Microsatellite alleles and single are important for various purposes, including genetic research, parentage testing, forensic analysis, and studying population genetics. They provide valuable information about genetic variation and can be used for identifying individuals, studying relatedness, and investigating evolutionary processes.

What information must be reported on microsatellite alleles and single?

The specific information that needs to be reported on microsatellite alleles and single depends on the context and purpose of the analysis. Generally, this includes the identity of the individual or sample, the specific microsatellite locus being analyzed, and the number of repeats observed at that locus.

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There is no specific universal deadline for filing microsatellite alleles and single in 2023. The deadline, if any, would depend on the specific requirements set by the research project, regulatory body, or other relevant authorities.

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